(a) Animation 6a corresponds to Fig. 2a of Friedman+2013 for the case α = 180 degrees where the redshift of event A is fixed to zA=0.5 and the redshift of event B is allowed to vary in the range 0.5 < zB < 71.91. For zB < zB ~ 50, events A and B have intersecting past lightcones and a shared causal past. For zB > zB ~ 50, the events do not have a shared causal past. This corresponds to fixing zA and α = 180 degrees and increasing zB until the point (zA, zB) lies in the light gray region in Fig 3b of Friedman+2013. For zA <= zB <= 3.65, events A and B both have shared causal pasts with Earth's worldline, whereas event B does not when zB > 3.65. The critical redshift zB is computed from Eq. 30 of Friedman+2013 (substituting labels A <--> B), and using Eq. 12 of Friedman+2013 to determine redshift for a given comoving distance.

(b) Animation 6b corresponds to Fig. 2a of Friedman+2013 for the case α = 180 degrees with symmetric redshifts zA=zB, where both redshifts are increased in the range 1 <= zA=zB <= 24.47. The symmetric case illustrates the role of the causal independence redshift zind=3.65. For zA=zB <= zind=3.65, events A and B have intersecting past lightcones and shared causal pasts with each other and Earth's worldline. For zA=zB > zind=3.65, events A and B have no shared causal past with each other or our worldline. The finite redshift resolution of the movie shows a frame with zA=zB=3.62 where the past lightcones of A and B clearly intersect (green circles), while the next frame with zA=zB=3.67 clearly shows that the past lightcones of the events no longer intersect.

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Last Updated: Andrew Samuel Friedman, 6/2017

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This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under NSF Award #1056580 (2012-2014) through an NSF Science, Technology, and Society Postdoctoral Fellowship at MIT and the NSF INSPIRE program via NSF Award #1541160 (2015-2020).

Original animations are shared under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 US License

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